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Advertizement:Professor Orhan TurkdoghanOne Ethnic Group in KarsMolokan Social Structureor: Molokan Way of LifeTurkey 2005 [This is a republishing of Turkdoghan's Ph.D. thesis first published in 1970.] |
| Kars'ta
Bir Etnik Grup Malakanlar'ın Toplumsal Yapısı Yazar : Orhan Türkdoğan Yayınevi : IQ Kültür-Sanat Yayıncılık Etiket Fiyatı : 20,00 YTL Dharma Fiyatı : 15,00 YTL Kazancınız : %25 |
One
Ethnic Group in Kars Molokan Social Structure Author: Orhan Turkdoghan [He wrote 35 sociology and culture books in Turkey] Publisher: IQ Kulture-Sanat Yayincilik List price: 20 Turkish liras [$26] Discount price: 15 Turkish liras [$19.50] Savings: 25% |
| Malakanlar, Beyaz Rus Kökenli bir etnik halktır. Kars ilimizin, Ruslar tarafından 1877-78 savaşları sonucu işgali üzerine, dönemin Rus yöneticileri tarafından Kars'ın Arpaçay ilçesine bağlı Atçılar, Çalkavur ve Yalınçayır (Zöhrab) yörelerine yerleştirilmiş bu dinsel etnik grup; seksen yıllık bir ortak yaşamdan sonra, 1962 yılında, kendi özgür ve bağımsız kararlarıyla Rusya, Amerika ve Avusturalya'ya göç etmişlerdir. Bu göç sürecinde, çok yakın akraba ile evlenme durumunda kalmaları (incest taboo), yerli halkla evlenme yapmamaları, ayrılık kararlarında önemli etken olmuştur. | Molokans came from the
White-Russians. [ERROR: Molokans
are not from the province of Beliarus (White-Russia), nor were Molokans
part of the White
movement — aristocrats who fled during the revolution, or the White
Army that
defended the Tsar.] During the 1877-78 Russo-Turkish War, when
Russian took over Kars, the Russian mayor of Kars relocated the Molokan
ethnic group [about 20 villages]
into the areas of Atchilar,
Chalkavur, and Yalinchayir (Zagrab) villages. By their own
independant
decision in 1962, after 80 years of living in Turkey, they moved to
Russia
[Soviet Union], America, and Australia. [There was an earlier migration in
1922 to the Sal'skii steppe, east Rostov province, Russia, with Kars
Doukhobors after Kars
province
was given back to Turkey. See maps: 501 Molokans
Doukhobors Perscuted in 1940s. No
Molokans moved directly from Kars to
America or Australia until a few moved to the US in the 1970s.]
One of the reasons that influenced their reason for going to Russia is
that very close family marriages were occuring (taboo incest) because
they would not intermarry with the local Turks. [This is a minor reason. About 1500
Molokans
remained in Turkey in 1960. The main reasons for moving at that time
were due to Russians being
severly harassed as infidels (non- believers of Islam); and young
Russian girls being kidnapped by Turks who beat, raped and kept
them as additional wives.] |
| Kars ilimizin üç köyünde yaşayan bu insanlar, yöre halkına değirmencilik, peynircilik ve tarımsal alanda önemli yenilikler getirerek, adlarını unutturmamışlardır. Osmanlı Arşiv belgelerinde bile, Ermeni zulmüne maruz kalmalarına rağmen, yerli halkla uyumlu ve barışçıl bir yaşam tarzını sürdürdüklerine tanık olmaktayız. | The Molokans who lived in the
three villages in the Kars region taught the local people about
milling [see mill photo], one of
their first professions, how to make cheese, and the
agriculture industry. These are most of the new things they brought to
this area. This caused the local people not to forget them. The Ottoman
Archives report that even though the Molokans suffered under the
Aremenina oppresion, they had a very peaceful lifestyle during this
time. [Not entirely true.
Russians were often victims of theft and discrimination.] |
| II. Petro'nun modernleşme girişiminden ötürü, kimlik kaybına maruz kalacakları endişesiyle, IV. Mehmet döneminde ülkemize sığınmayı tercih eden Rus Kozakları veya Kazakları da yaklaşık 250 yıllık bir süreden sonra, Malakanlarla birlikte 1962 yılında Türkiye'den ayrılma durumunda kalmışlardır. | During the reign of Peter
II [Russian
Tsar 1727-1730] the Russian Cossacks [Old
Believer-Nekrasovtsy, Nekrasovites, or Staroobriadtsy:
Old-Ritualists]
were afraid to be modernized and
lose their identity. The Russian Cossacks [Old Believers] decided to
live
under the Turkish rule of Mehmet IV [Ottoman Empire sultan
(ruler) 1648–87 A.D.] After livng in Turkey for 250 years they had
to
leave to Russia with the Molokans in 1962. [Both groups were resettled
in northern Stavropol' province in and near Levokumskoe. The Turks
mistakenly label Old Believers (Staroveri)
as "Cossack" which derives from the Turkish word kazak, 'free person'. "Originally
the Cossacks were free mercenaries who resided in a no-man's land. They
eventually became a part of the Russian irregular military with the
main objective of defending Russia's borderlands. As such, they were
identified by their area of residence." (Encyclopedia of World Cultures,
1992, 103)] |
| Türk
insanının etnik
gruplara olan bakış açısı,
yönelimleri, kültürel mannerizmi ve dünya
görüşleri hususunda tanıtıcı çizgide olmak üzere,
yeni yaklaşımlar ortaya koyduk. Bunları, sırası gelmişken
açıklamaya çalışalım. "Kürt Sorunu" olgusunun
söz konusu olduğu bir politik arenada, Malakanlar ve Don
Kazaklarına yönelik etnik deneyimimizin boyutlarının ortaya
konulması, hem kültür zenginliğimiz, hem de etnik gruplara
yaklaşımımız açısından önemli olsa gerek. |
This book explains how great the
Turkish government dealt with the ethnic minority groups. I hope we
laid out new venues for you to understand. We like to explain this to
you as they come. During these times when we have the "Kurdish problem"
in our country we would like to give you more information about the
Molokans and Old Believers, their ethnic life. It would be helpful to
open up more information about them, to show you how we treat the
ethnic groups here in Turkey.
[Molokans and Jumpers who lived through this tell about stealing
animals, kidnapping girls, robbing graves — hardship and tragedy.] |
| ISBN
: 975-255-039-8 Basım Tarihi : Eylül 2005 |
[Summary
translation from Turkish
by Dmitri Bruhin, born in Kars.] |
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NOTE: In
the early 1990s Dr.
Margarita Mazo (ethnomusicologist, Ohio State University) with
Serefima Nikitina (linguist, Russian Academy of
Science) began researching Molokan-Jumper and Old Believer-Nekrasov
singing in Stavropol Russia and the US — Jumpers in California/Oregon,
and Nekrovsty in Oregon. Descendants of both groups originated in
Turkey and were separated for generations. She arranged for 4 choirs, 2
from each ethnic group
in the US and Russia, to participate in the 1995
Smithsonian Festival of American Folklife, Washington DC
(10 days ending July 4). Though Russian Maksimists organized their
best singers into a choir, the American Jumpers refused to participate,
so at the last moment Constant Molokan refugees from Azerbaidzhan
filled in. The Stavropol' Maksimisty are sitll upset that they had all
their passports and visas arranged and were denied a free trip to mix
with Jumpers and Maksimits in the US. Dr. Nikitina produced a video
about Russian Molokan singing. More by Drs. Mazo and Nikitina:
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