Molokans in Mexico: Guadalupe Valley
In Mexico, Russian Molokans and Jumpers lived mainly in what is now the town of Francisco Zarco, Guadalupe Valley, 50 miles south of San Diego, California, and 15 miles north-east of Ensenada, Baja California. Only a few Molokan descendants remain in Mexico today. Three museums compete for tourism attention and guided tours of the closed church are provided.

Books, papers, articles, websites, a film and 2 PhD theses have documented the colony. The most illustrative book was written and self-published by a former resident Molokan George Mohoff: The Russian colony of Guadalupe: Molokans in Mexico.

On this page is a collection of online information in English with comments and corrections in red, and in Spanish — most with machine translations — and a book list. 
  1. Molokans in America: Chapter 2: The First Years, by John K. Berokoff, Los Angeles California, 1969
  2. Aerial view of the valley today from Google maps
  3. The Baja Beat: The Russians of Guadalupe Valley, by Greg Niemann, The San Clement Journal
  4. Ens-Guad Trip May 4, 2002 — Lynn & Bev's Tour in Baja
  5. State Museum: Russian Community Museum of Guadalupe Valley
  6. Rancho Guadalupe Molokan Cemetery, Baja, Lower Calif., Mexico — Posted by George "Ghrishka" Bolderoff, with Comments.
  7. Mexico's Russian Colony  /  La Comunidad Rusa en Mexico — Posted in 1996 on "History of Mexican Peoples" by Dr. David Rojas,
  8. Trying to Recapture Russian Emigres' Life in Mexico, Living Among Ghosts Brings a Strange Peace — By Jessica Garrison, Los Angeles Times, December 1, 2002
  9. Contract to Maintain Mexico Church, with G. A. Kashirisky — June 1, 1992
  10. Pacifist Community Perserves, By Mary Forgione, Los Angeles Daily News
  11. Transplanted Sakhaliner: Cheurniy Kleb [Black Bread] in Baja, Mexico, The Sakhalin Times — Oct 9, 2004, Updated Aug 24, 2005
  12. Mexico Molokan Historic Monument Planned, by George Mohoff
  13. Russians in Mexico, Website of the Department of Slavic Languages and Literature and Russian Club, University of California, Los Angeles.
  14. Chapter 2: The Russians of Guadalupe del Norte, by Marion  Smothers. Vintage Baja: Adventures of a Gringa in Lower California, 1993.
  15. Morris Photo Art — 4 photos of Mexican-Molokan grave markers
  16. Ivan Guryevich Samarin (1857-1948) — the "Great Molokan Communicator", The Molokan Review, 1949.
  17. Photo of Molokan girls, in Gale Multicultural America Encyclopedia: Russian Americans
  18. Mexico: A destination specialist course. (PDF), by The Travel Institute, 2004.
  19. Baja Legends: The Historic Characters, Events and Locations That Put Baja California on the Map, by Greg Niemann, 2002
  20. Bodega Bibayoff, jAzZblOg, March 27, 2006.
  21. The Russian Colony of Guadalupe Molokans in Mexico, book by George W. Mohoff, 226 pages, 1995.
  22. Books and theses about Molokans in Mexico at public libraries, listed at WorldCat
  23. Russian Colonists Going to Mexico: Molokanes on the Move, Los Angeles Times, August 23, 1907, page II3
Links to Articles in Spanish. [Machine translated from Spanish to English online.]
  1. Los orígenes de la migración rusa a Baja California  José Luis González López, Bertha Paredes Acevedo, Calafia: Revista de la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana. Nueva época, vol.  I, núms. 1-8, enero 2001-diciembre 2004.
    Universidad Autonóma de Baja California, Instituto de Invetigaciónes Históricas, Tijuana
    [Machine translated: The origins of the Russian migration to Baja California. By José Luis Gonzalez Lopez, Bertha Paredes Acevedo. Calafia: Magazine of the Independent University of Baja California, Tijuana. New time, vol. I, nos. 1-8, January 2001-December 2004. University of Baja California, Department of Investigative History, Tijuana.]
  2. Molokanes y el Vino Ruso en Guadalupe. Nota publicada el 13 de agosto de 2005. Por Elizabeth Vargas
    [Machine translated: Molokans and Russian Vine in Guadalupe. Published August 13, 2005, by Elizabeth Vargas]
  3. Mexican Vistas: La Comunidad Rusa en Mexico, By James Clifford Safley, Editor, San Diego Union. 1952
    [Translated by Dr Rojas from the original English article: Mexico's Russian Colony]
  4. El Museo Comunitario del Valle de Guadalupe, Ejemplo de la Diversidad Cultural de Baja California, Gabriela Olivares. Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, Un proyecto del PACMyC.
    [Machine translated: The Community Museum of Guadalupe Valley, An Example of the Cultural Diversity of Baja California, by Gabriela Olivares. National Counsel for Culture and Arts, a project of PACMyC.]
  5. Se extinguen los rusos de la Sierra de Juarez. México amargo, By Manuel Mejido 1980. Pages 19-22
    [The Russians of the Juarez mountain range are extinguished", in Bitter Mexico]
  6. "Capítulo XX: El Valle de Guadalupe". Historia de Baja California: De Cueva Pintada a la Modernidad, 2 edición.
    Antonio Ponce Aguilar. 2002.
    ["Chapter XX: Guadalupe Valley". History of Baja California: A Modern Painted Cave, 2 edition. By Antonio Ponce Aguilar, 2002.]
  7. Hacia un Plan de Manejo del Agua en Valle de Guadalupe, Baja California. A. Baddan, et.al., p. 45-64. II Seminario Internacional de Vitivinicultura, 3 y 4 Agosto de 2005, Ensenada, B.C. Mexico. Ciencia. Revista de la Academia Mexicana de Ciencias. 2005.
    ["Designing a plan for handling water in Guadalupe Valley, Baja California". By A. Baddan, et.al. (and others). Pages 45-64. 2005 II Seminar of the International Vitivinicultura,  August 3-4, 2005, Ensenada, B.C. Mexico. Science. Magazine of the Mexican Academy of Sciences.]
  8. “El último refugio. Los rusos molokanos del valle de Guadalupe, Baja California”. Gómez Estrada, José Alfredo.  México, en: Boletín del Archivo General de la Nación, 6ª época, agosto-octubre de 2003, no. 1, p. 137-152.
    ["The last refuge. The Russian Molokans of Guadalupe Valley, Baja California". Gomez Estrada, Jose Alfredo. Mexico, in: Bulletin of the General archives of the Nation, 6th edition, August-October of 2003, no. 1, pages 137-152.]
Links to some of many websites that mention Molokans in Mexico
  1. Grass Roots Guerrilla of South Twin Lake, by Carl J. Nelson. 1980. Pages 320-324
  2. Environmental Assessment of Impacts from a Liquefied Natural Gas Facility in Baja California, Mexico. University of Wyoming, School of Environment and Natural Resources. ENR 4900/5900 Class Project, Spring 2007. Pages 91-93
  3. The 90 Day Yacht Club Guide to Ensenada (Internet newsletters)
  4. The Samarin's of Francisco Zarco: Within the Valley of Guadalupe - A garden paradise by Malecon, Francisco Zarco Pages, update: Jun 20, 2006. Photo: "Norma Samarin at her panderia".
  5. Ensenada, Baja California. Wikipedia.
  6. Ensenada. Visitor Information: Day Three
  7. Ensenada Road To Tecate, Towards Guadalupe Valley: Monte Xanic
  8. Backgrounders: Wine, Mexican Tourism Board, Press Room. Copied at: The Wines of Baja Norte
  9. A taste of Mexico days of wine and chocolate, by Julian Armstrong, The Gazette (Montreal, Canada), November 12, 2005.
    Copied at: BajaNomad » Baja Travel Articles » A taste of Mexico days of wine and chocolate
  10. Baja California Wine Country: Guadalupe Valley, by Steve Dryden
  11. Mexican wines and wineries: Getting to Know Mexican Wine and Russian History, “Vino-Tourism” by Steve Dryden
  12. Case Study: Baja Bottled, by Toby Cecchini. The New York Times Magazine: Travel. March 25, 2007
1. Molokans in America by John K. Berokoff, Los Angeles California, 1969
In chapter 2, Berokoff presents a good summary of the history of the Mexico Molokan colony:

... agents for a large tract of land in Lower California, Mexico, learning of the Molokan desire to establish a farming community, contacted them early in 1906 with a proposition to sell them the tract which was called Rancho Guadalupe and on terms within reach of people who were still impoverished from their emigration from Russia.

This tract of land consisting of 13,000 acres was located 60 miles south of the United States-Mexico border, in a pretty valley [Spanish: Valle de Guadalupe] through which flowed a small stream but which turned into a torrent after a rain storm. The land was capable of producing a good crop of wheat in a rainy year but was also subjected to cycles of dry years ....

... 50 families were attracted to the proposition to purchase the tract. Led by Vasili Gavrilitch Pivovaroff and Ivan G. Samarin the land was bought for the sum of $40,000 and a site was selected for a village in the style of their native Russia, except that, for lack of logs, the houses were built of adobe in the style of Mexico.
  1. The title to the whole tract of land was vested in the names of three trustees.
  2. No grant deeds or other evidence of ownership were issued to the individual owners. The names of individual owners were simply recorded in a community book, which was entrusted to a person elected for that purpose.
  3. A government surveyor never officially surveyed the land nor was the subdivision recorded in government archives. Apparently, to save the cost of a qualified surveyor, they chose the method that was used by their fathers and forefathers in Russia. Measuring off a length of rope and using natural and artificial markers, such as large imbedded rocks or trees, they did the job in their own crude manner and proceeded to allot the land to the individual owners.
... the whole colony of 50 families were divided into 10 family units of five families to a unit. The whole tract of land was then divided into several sections, each section suitable for a certain crop. Thus there was a section of river bottom land; another section at higher level and suitable for raising grain, a hill-side section for raising hay and a section of untillable mountainous land which was left undivided for community use as cattle pasture. Each section of tillable land was then subdivided into ten parcels for which the ten family units proceeded to draw lots for their share of each category. The family units then drew lots for ownership of their individual parcels according to the need of each family.

.... in 1952 squatters from the city of Mexicali, discovering that no deeds were recorded to some of the colonist's land, forcibly settled upon the land and despite the intervention of Federal, troops, at times successfully claimed ownership thereto through squatters rights. ... After these raids of squatters ... all but a very few families emigrated to the United States, and the colony as such ceased to exist. [Now the town is named Fransico Zarco, and 3 museums have been created to attract tourists.]
2. Aerial view of the valley today from Google maps
3. The Baja Beat: The Russians of Guadalupe Valley, by Greg Niemann, The San Clement Journal

      

4. Ens-Guad Trip May 4, 2002 — Lynn & Bev's Tour in Baja
Photos 9 thru 51 were taken in Guadalupe showing the town, museums, church and cemetery. Posted by George "Ghrishka" Bolderoff

             
5. State Museum: Russian Community Museum of Guadalupe Valley
Secretary of Tourism, State of Baja California: Wine Route: Historical Museums and Sites

Russian Community Museum of Guadalupe Valley 
There is a small Russian exhibition of memorabilia and indigenous objects located in a building of the old Russian colony. Routes guided the misional site, thermal waters, cave paintings and indigenous communities, previous appointment needed. From highway #3, take the main road passing in front of the Center of Health IMSS until arriving at the museum, located to the left of the road, almost in front of the Communitarian Museum of the National Institute of Anthropology and Historia (INAH).

Main Ave. # 276
Guadalupe Valley, B.C.
Tel. (646) 155-2030

alex_museoruso@hotmail.com
museoruso_samarin@hotmail.com
 Secretaría de Turismo del Estado de Baja California: Ruta del Vino: Miseos y Sitios Historicos :

Museo Comunitario Ruso del Valle de Guadalupe
Ubicado en un inmueble de la antigua colonia Rusa, cuenta con una pequeña exposición de memorabilia rusa y objetos indígenas. Recorridos guiados al sitio misional, aguas termales, pinturas rupestres y comunidades indígenas, previa cita. De la carretera #3 tomar el camino principal pasando frente al Centro de Salud IMSS hasta llegar al museo, ubicado a la izquierda del camino, casi frente al Museo Comunitario del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH).

Av. Principal # 276
Valle de Guadalupe, B.C.
Tel. (646) 155-2030

alex_museoruso@hotmail.com
museoruso_samarin@hotmail.com
6. Rancho Guadalupe Molokan Cemetery, Baja, Lower Calif., Mexico
21 photos posted by George "Ghrishka" Bolderoff. Find more info on the Comments page.
         Also, see cemetery from satellite: Click to ENLARGE
7. Mexico's Russian Colony  / In Spanish: La Comunidad Rusa en Mexico
Posted in 1996 on "History of Mexican Peoples" by Dr. David Rojas, Instituto Cultural "Raices Mexicanas" and Assoc. Professor Ethnomusicology, University of California, Santa Barbara. Translated from Mexican Vistas, by James Clifford Safley. 1952. — In 1996 Dr. Rojas created a website — Folklorico.com — mainly about Mexican dance. He is also interested in culture and included this article. This excerpt was the first significant information about Molokans on the Internet, appearing nearly a year before the Molokan Home Page in 1997. Soon this article was found by a Molokan in Russia, Vitaly (Samudorov?) who e-mailed asking about relatives not contacted since 1920. Vitaly's request fascinated Dr. Rojas who took a trip to find these Russians in Mexcio and tells how he happened upon the Russian museum — Museo Comunitario de El Valle De Guadalupe — at the end of his first issue of "El Mitote", November 1996. He briefly tells about  meeting Andrés and Sonya Samudoroff and giving them a letter from Russia. Later Dr Rojas tried to help the new museum by donating a computer and looking for someone to help create an inventory of artifacts in the village. See Correspondence with Dr. Rojas in 1997.
8. Trying to Recapture Russian Emigres' Life in Mexico
Living Among Ghosts Brings a Strange Peace
By Jessica Garrison — Los Angeles Times  —  December 1, 2002

The few descendants of a religious sect that fled czar's empire 100 years ago now put faith in trading on heritage to keep their ancestry alive.
9. Contract to Maintain Mexico Church, with G. A. Kashirisky
Colonia Rus de Guadalupe, Baja California, Mexico;  Los Angeles, CA — June 1, 1992
10. Pacifist Community Perserves
By Mary Forgione, Los Angeles Daily News
The Arizona Republic, March 19, 1995, Travel Section, Page T6
11. Transplanted Sakhaliner: Cheurniy Kleb [Black Bread] in Baja, Mexico
The Sakhalin Times — Oct 9, 2004, Updated Aug 24, 2005
Good history with news that recent Russian immigrants want to live there. Excerpts:

Losha was one of the first Russian students to study in Anchorage, Alaska. He left Sakhalin in the early 90s and has never come back. He prolonged his studies in Alaska and got a job in San Diego, where he lived till 2000. Like most Russians abroad, he felt homesick, but didn’t “want to go back to the hardships.” His life changed for the better when he came to know about the Molokhans .. a Russian community settled in the Guadalupe valley in Baja California, Mexico ... “They are honest, hard-working, frugal, peaceful, God-fearing people, who have been through numerous hardships and who do not expect rewards except those that come from toil. Simplicity is the keynote of their lives,” says Losha. “This place is like a Russian version of the movie ‘The Village’”. The people freely offer information on the history of the colony and the ideals for which they strive, and invited the visitors to return. ... In spite of the fact the colony was founded almost one hundred years ago, the traditions are well preserved. “I feel like I am the future of this place,” adds Losha. Losha has invited many old friends from Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk to come and settle in the colony, which he feels is the only piece of the “good old Russia” on earth.
Click to ENLARGE12. Mexico Molokan Historic Monument Planned

The proposed monument will be in front of the church along the street fence, on a fenced courtyard slab about 8 feet on each side. There will be 2 entry ways from the street. The monument will be 5 ft. high — a 3-foot high tablet sitting on a 2-foot high base which is 30-inch square.
Click to ENLARGE13. Russians in Mexico
Website of the Department of Slavic Languages and Literature and Russian Club, University of California, Los Angeles. — 9 museum photos.The sign says: "Russian Community Museum and Restaurant, Russian Kitchen / Local artwork and samples from 10 vineyards / Open from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., Monday to Sunday / Guadalupe Valley since 1991, Telephone: 016-155-2030" [click on sign photo to enlarge]
          
14. Chapter 2: The Russians of Guadalupe del Norte
In Vintage Baja: Adventures of a Gringa in Lower California, by Marion  Smothers — The travels of late archaeologist and Peabody Institute Fellow Marion Smothers were published in 1993 by Bueno Books. Currently out-of-print, excerpts from this book have been made available to Ensenada Baja News-Gazette. "Editors Notes" at bottom show this photo and tells about the museum, where to : "Sample authentic Russian dishes prepared by the friendly Samarin family in the tiny restaurant". — Abbreviated text below with comments in red: 

The Malakans (also spelled "Molokans"), a Russian farming religious sect, purchased the valley, now known as Guadalupe, from the Mexican government in 1905. How they made their way from Czarist Russia to Canada*, through the United States to an obscure spot in the mesa land of Lower California, appears to be lost in the mists of history. The price is said to have been more than $50,000 [$40,000]. A village site was laid out: building lots, a wide street, the church of their native Russia, a windmill, irrigation ditches and communal fields. [* Only a few Molokan scouts stopped in Canada to visit Doukhobors but were told that Los Angeles has more jobs and better climate. Most inhabitants in Mexico never got to the US due to visa problems. For details online, see John K Berokoff's Molokans in America, Chapter 2 — The First Years.]

As we explored the neat village, we marveled at being transported back into an exotic peasant community. Red-bearded men greeted us with grave courtesy; their womenfolk, starched aprons over long skirts, shyly smiled from the doorways of peak-roofed houses. Window boxes overflowed with bright flowers. A sauna-type bath house shared space with each kitchen garden. Sleek dairy herds (Malakan translated as Milk Drinker) were sheltered in sturdy barns when not browsing the lush pastures. We kept our distance from flocks of aggressive geese and colonies of bee hives.

However, one encroachment of the modern world charmed us. Half-naked Indian lads were playing soccer with their Russian friends. Even more surprising, the Indians were shouting in Russian during the heat of the game. ...  Indian genes have mixed with Russian and Mexican to evolve into the mestizo. ... The Malakans have left their graves among what is now an ejido [Indian] cemetery — and the legacy of a few red-headed Mexicans. [This is the first documentation taboo racial mixing of white Molokans in the New World.]
15. Morris Photo Art — 4 photos of Mexican-Molokan grave markers

          
16. Ivan Guryevich Samarin (1857-1948) — the "Great Molokan Communicator"
Reproduced from the pages of the Molokan Review, 1949, by Jon Kalmakoff on the Doukhobor Genealogy Website.
... Samarin and Pivovaroff found and bought for the Brotherhood a plot of land in Guadalupe, Lower California, Mexico, where Pivovaroff made his home. ...  the entire task of helping the migrants was left in Samarin's hands. ... In March 1906, Samarin, on behalf of his fellow Molokans, travelled to Mexico City and personally received the guaranties of religious freedom and suspension of customs duties for the Molokan colony at Guadalupe. Then he carried protracted negotiations regarding land grants in Lower California, at Rosario with Taras P. Tolmasoff and other Molokan representatives, and at Santa Rosa with P.M. Shubin, Ivan K. Mechikoff and many others. ...
17. Gale Multicultural America Encyclopedia: Russian Americans
Most notable is the photo published in the book in the 1990s of Molokan-Jumper girls taken in Mexico, probably at a wedding.

Click to ENLARGE
Taken in 1947, this photograph demonstrates the influence of American fashion on traditional Russian dress.
The lace shawls of these women are called kascinkas; their high-heeled shoes are American.

The text includes some general statements with errors:

Nearly 5,000 [2500] members of a Russian Christian religious sect known as the Molokans settled in California during the first decade of the twentieth century. They formed the nucleus of what has become a 20,000-member Russian Molokan community that is concentrated today in San Francisco and Los Angeles. ... The Old Believers and Molokans have been most fervent in retaining a sense of Russian identity through an active use of the Russian language in their religious services and in their daily lives.
18. Mexico: A destination specialist course. (PDF)
By The Travel Institute, 2004. Produced in partnership with the Mexico Tourism Board. Winner of the 2005 PATA Gold Award.
Chapter 1:  Baja California — Beyond Ensenada: Attractions, page 14
The Museo Comunitario del Valle de Guadalupe, in a Russian-style house, tells the story of the wine-making valley and of the Molokans, non-Orthodox Russian peasants who were granted permission to resellte and to worship inthe Valle de Guadalupe by the Mexican Government in 1905. The Molokans repaired wine-making equipments left from previous ventures and prospered in the valley.
19. Baja Legends: The Historic Characters, Events and Locations That Put Baja California on the Map
by Greg Niemann - 2002 - 260 pages. See pages 108-110.
"The Molokans worked hard and prayed hard. They dressed simply; ... They became splendid citizens of Mexico, and while they spoke Russian in church, they were ever loyal to their adopted country."
Click to ENLARGE   Click to ENLARGE   Click to ENLARGE 
20. Bodega Bibayoff,  jAzZblOg,  March 27, 2006
                
... one winery owned by Russian descendants, the Bodega de Bibayoff.  ... This was David Bibayoff, patriarch of this family operation. [Shown in the photo above with son Abel.] He graciously welcomed me and invited me to join him back in the warehouse where a group of distant relatives were waiting for him to do a barrel tasting. ... Bibayoff is descended from a group of Russian refugees, the Molokans, who, with the intervention and assistance of Leo Tolstoy(1), gained permission from Tsar Nicholas(2) to emigrate to the new world where they hoped to practice their own brand of Christianity unmolested. After a false start(3) in LA, they group settled into the Guadalupe Valle and took to doing what they did best: farming. The Valle flourished.

[3 mistakes here: (1) Tolstoy did not help Molokans emigrate, he helped the Doukhobors after they were were persecuted for burning guns. One-third of all Doukhobors moved to Canada. Molokans fled on their own, but only 1% of all Molokans and Jumpers moved. (2) The Tsar mentioned must be Nickolas II, Russia's last Tsar, who was notorious for suppression of dissent and taking Molokan kids from their parents to be placed in Orthodox seminaries. Tolstoy helped release the Molokan kids and reduce persecution for all sectarians. In 1903-04 Tsar Nicholas II proclaimed tolerance of non-Orthodox citizens, which formally freed Russia's religious minorities from state restriction and persecution, but ended in 1917 with his assassination and overthrow of the government. During this time, Molokans built 2-story centers in Astrakhanka, Ukraine; and Tbilisi, Georgia. Molokans did not get permission from the Tsar to leave Russia. Some left illegally, some to avoid military service. (3) There was no "false start in LA". Many of the residents did not have visas to enter the US. Mexico was one of many attempts to create agricultural settlements and communes  in the western states. The largest was in Arizona, but Mexico lasted longer, up to the 1960s when the presbyterm Samarin died.]

.... Now, there are a few families left and Bibayoff holds forth with his son, Abel, running their vinyard. What makes Bibayoff special ... selling grapes to other wineries.  The wine that is produced here is strictly for family, guests, festivals and occasional restaurants.... a dozen folks from suburban LA waiting for us. ... nieces and cousins of Bibayoff who had never met him before. They'd discovered him and the vineyard through some Internet work and, after an email contact, decided to come have a look. They'd been tasting with Abel for some time when we arrived and were especially warm and friendly in their afternoon buzz. ... his daughter was pleading with him to bottle it all exclusively for her.  ... 'this wine is not for sale.' ...
21. The Russian Colony of Guadalupe Molokans in Mexico.
A book by George W. Mohoff, 226 pages, 1995. 199 photos / illustrations, plus a cross-indexed map of each home in the colony by head of household name. Everything you should know about Molokans in Mexico is in this book — from V.G. Moloff fleeing the Tsar's army while doing guard duty in St. Petersburg, to land ownership, swimming in the river, cowboys and indians, farm animals, church services, why they left, and more. $25 from the UMCA Heritage Room, PO Box 5790, Hacienda Heights CA 91745; or from George Mohoff, 2221 Via Camille, Montebello CA 90640; phone: 323-721-8610 — Also check out this book at your local library via interlibrary loan from at least 6 libraries in Califonia.
22. Books about "Molokans in Mexico" at public libraries, listed at WorldCat
  • Lower Californian studies by Oskar Schmieder, University of California Press, Berkely, 1928
  • Spiritual Christians in Mexico : profile of a Russian village by Sydney Rochelle Story, PhD dissertation, University of Southern California, 1960
  • A sojourn in Baja California, 1915 by U S Grant, Historical Society of Southern California, 1963
  • The Russian colony of Guadalupe Valley : a research paper by Richard Cota and Richard W Day, 1968
  • Spirit jumpers : the Russian Molokans of Baja California by Therese Adams Muranaka, San Diego Museum of Man, 1988
  • The Russian Molokan colony at Guadalupe, Baja California : continuity and change in a sectarian community by Therese Adams Muranaka, PhD dissertation University of Arizona, 1992
  • The Russian colony of Guadalupe : Molokans in Mexico by George W Mohoff, 1993
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