 Molokans and
Jumpers first moved to Kars province (then Russia) in
1876-77. About 1890 the military draft became mandantory and 1/3 of all
Doukhobors left to Canada by 1900. Some Molokans and many Jumpers
began to leave, originally to Canada but diverted to Los Angeles. (See Berokoff: Chapter 1,
The Migration.)
Though the territory was greatly impacted by Russo- Turkish
Wars, massacres and genocides, by 1915 less than 1% of all Molokans and
Jumpers in
Russia moved, about 2500, half of the 5000 predicted at the time to
migrate. Some
villages in Kars may have lost 10% or
more. In January 1919, the first parliament in Kars elected one deputy
per
10,000 voters, 64 were elected — 60 Muslims,
three Greeks, and one Molokan.
(Caucasian
Knot). Due
to
political ethnic cleansing, more Molokans and Jumpers moved to
Russia in the mid-1920s (to Rostov), and again in 1959-1962 (to
Stavropol', with Turkey's Old Believers).
In the 1970s a few families were discovered in Kars and Istanbul by
visiting American Jumpers and invited to live in California. Several
families remain in Kars today.
Help/donations needed to
translate many of the followng Turkish articles to English and Russian.
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- Kars area
Molokans
and Jumpers (photos, maps)
- Caucasus
Roads: Where Molokans and Jumpers traveled in the 1800s
- Armenian-Molokans:
From Kars to Los Angeles, by Joyce Keosababian-Bivin
- Armenians and Molokans:
Karakala, 1870s-1920, by Joyce Keosababian-Bivin, Jerusalem — UCLA
Conference on Kars and Ani, Nov. 9-11, 2001
- Advertizement for the book: One Ethnic Group in Kars: Molokan Social
Structure.
Turkey 2005. A republishing of Turkdoghan's Ph.D. thesis
published in 1970.
- Molokan Families in
Kars, Turkey — Korolev, Agapov (photos)
- Correspondence with Turkish
Historian Erkan Karagöz
e-mail, photos, 5 articles and a book excerpt — in Turkish, some is
translated.
- The
VirtualAni Messageboard — See threads: "Where
is Karakala?" started by Joyce Keosababian-Bivin (Israel) Mar 24,
2005; and "Kars
area, need Selim contact" started by William Botieff (Oregon) Mar
26, 2003.
- Kars in 2005 — 26 photos by
Dmitri Bruhin, Fresno, California.
- Molokan Cemeteries in Turkey
Vandalized, October 2006
- 'Son
Malakan'dan trajik veda (Turkish: One
of the last Molokans in Turkey died. Vasili Korolov died,
Turkish
surname: Dölemenci.) Firat News Agency, July 2007.
- Türkiyedeki Son
Malakanlar (Molokans in Turkey)
Malakan Blog , October 27, 2006, 3 articles, 5 photos
- Malakanlar
KISA
FİLMİ — PolitiKARS.com, Nov 20, 2007 — Documentary film about
Molokans in Kars, Turkey, shown at an international film festival
in Ankara, Turkey.
- Sürgün
Bir Hikayenin Masum Kahramanları: MALAKANLAR — Çare Olgun
ÇALIŞKAN, Ocak 2008 — Turkish: The
story of the banishment of the innocent and brave: Molokans, by Chare
Olgun Chalishkan, January 2008
- A hidden city under
snow (Kars, Trukey) — Turkish
Daily News
— January 7, 2008
- Susuz
Neresidir? — Turkish: Where is Susuz? [Text mentions Molokans with
5 photos, map.]
- Atçılar
Haberler — Turkish: Atchilar News
- Malakanlar
— Turkish: The Molokans
- Uzaktaki
yakınlarımız, süt içici Molokanlar — Kilisesiz
Hıristiyanlar: Molokanlar
The milk-drinking Molokans are far yet near — Molokans are Christian
believers
(Photo is of a girl in Kochubeevskoe village, Stavropol territory,
Russian Federation.)
- A
Patchwork Land Confronts a Lie of Whole Cloth — Molokans still in
Kars, New York Times, March
11, 2008. [Error in paragraph 16:
"...Molokans, also
known as Russian Old Believers...", Molokans are not Old Believers.]
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